This year marks the 10th anniversary of the UK Project on Nuclear Issues (UK PONI). Over the last 10 years, the UK PONI Annual Conference has gathered the next generation of nuclear experts to discuss contemporary nuclear issues. It has become a unique national forum for emerging scholars and professionals, bringing various nuclear communities together. At the 2020 UK PONI 10th Anniversary Annual Conference, held entirely online in June, established and emerging experts from the nuclear industry, academia, government and the military gave presentations on a range of salient civil and military nuclear issues. These presentations were then adapted by the emerging experts for this publication. These papers were accepted and the information therein was current at the time of writing in July 2020. All views expressed are the authors’ own, and do not necessarily reflect those of the authors’ institutions, UK PONI or RUSI.