Fog, Proxies and Uncertainty: Cyber in US-Israeli Operations in Iran

Ms Dolzikova said: "Since the attacks in June, the situation on the ground will have changed quite significantly, but we don't actually have visibility of what it looks like, because the IAEA has not had access.” She said the key questions include whether the enriched uranium survived, whether centrifuges - the machines used to enrich uranium - survived, and whether Iran has the capabilities to actually build a weapon. It is also not known whether Iran has warheads to put a weapon on.

Europe's nuclear powers, France and the U.K., "are never going to match Russia in terms of numbers and diversity of the nuclear arsenal," Darya Dolzikova​, a nuclear deterrence and security expert at Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), told the Kyiv Independent. "But that's not necessarily how deterrence works. Russia just needs to be unsure whether it can count on the French not using their nuclear weapons in defense of European allies."

The insurance backstops would not only have to be competitive but also sustainable to threaten London’s position as a hub,” said Gonzalo Erausquin, a research fellow at the Royal United Services Institute, a security think tank. He added it was “unlikely” Trump’s plans would topple the London market.