‘Information War’ as the Russian Conceptualisation of Strategic Communications

Military and non-military tools form part of Russian information warfare.

The Kremlin employs a type of ‘strategic communications’, which, according to the Russian conceptualisation of information war, is a combination of military and non-military means intended to influence the information-psychological space of a targeted audience. Ofer Fridman argues that the Kremlin’s employment of economic counter-sanctions (non-military means) and its intervention in Syria (military means) demonstrate the Kremlin’s capability to participate in information wa