RUSI Referencing Style Guide

First reference

Full citation information should be provided the first time a source is cited.

Subsequent references

Subsequent citations for a source can use a shorter form of reference.

Use author surname(s) or an organisation’s acronym or abbreviation and a short version of the title that is clear, so for example, subtitles may be excluded.

For example, Mearsheimer, ‘The False Promise of International Institutions’, p. 32; Nye, Soft Power, p. 51.

For newspaper and journal articles, exclude the volume, date etc except when it is necessary for clarity, for instance when citing a regular column).

Use Ibid. when a footnote repeats the footnote immediately before it.

Commonly cited publications

Strategic defence reviews, past and present

HM Government, Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR), Cm 7948 (London: The Stationery Office, October 2010).

HM Government, National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015: A Secure and Prosperous United Kingdom , Cm 9161 (London: The Stationery Office, 2015).

Ministry of Defence, Adaptability and Partnership: Issues for the Strategic Defence Review , Cm 7794 (London: The Stationery Office, February 2010).

Ministry of Defence, Delivering Security in a Changing World: Future Capabilities (London: The Stationery Office, July 2004).

Ministry of Defence, The Strategic Defence Review , Cm 3999 (London: The Stationery Office, 1998).

National Audit Office, Ministry of Defence: Major Projects Report 2009 (London: The Stationery Office, December 2009).

Doctrinal publications

US Army and Marine Corps, 'Field Manual No. 3-24: Counterinsurgency' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).

British Army, 'Army Field Manual Volume 1, Part 10: Countering Insurgency' (Warminster, Land Warfare Centre: 2009).

Ministry of Defence, Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre, ‘Future Character of Conflict’, 3 February 2010.

Acts

Sometimes the local or given name for an Act is not the official name for the legislation so it is important to footnote it with the official name, and include the URL.

The US ENABLERS Act, September 2022, <https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5525>, accessed 2 September 2023.

Articles in journals and magazines

Use First Name Last Name, ‘Article Title’, Journal or Magazine (Vol. #, No. #, Month Year), p.

For example, John Mearsheimer, ‘The False Promise of International Institutions’, International Security (Vol. 19, No. 3, Winter 1993-94), p. 32.

NB: RUSI style omits the definite article in the name of a journal or magazine (except in the main copy) unless the name consists of only two words (so, Wall Street Journal, not The Wall Street Journal , but The Economist, The Guardian ).

For articles in academic journals which have not been assigned a volume or issue, cite as: Rachael Squire, ‘Rock, Water, Air and Fire: Foregrounding the Elements in the Gibraltar–Spain Dispute’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space (23 December 2015), doi:10.1177/0263775815623277 (include hyperlink for doi).

Include page ranges when citing an article (unless it has not been assigned to an issue and thus has a doi), but specific pages when citing a specific part of the article.

Blogs

Include a url in a cited blog, with the word 'blog' in roman, even if the publication is in italic, for example, War on the Rocks blog

Book chapters

First Name Last Name, ‘Chapter Title’, in First Name Last Name, Book Title (Place: Publisher, Year), p. #. For example, Frédéric Bozo, ‘The Effects of Kosovo and the Danger of Decoupling’, in Jolyon Howorth and John Keeler (eds), Defending Europe: The EU, NATO and the Quest for European Autonomy (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2003), p. 63.

Books

First Name Last Name, Book Title, numbered edition [if required] (Place: Publisher, Year), p.#. For example, Joseph Nye Jr, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (London: Public Affairs, 2004), p. 51, Richard A Krueger and Mary Anne Casey, Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research , Fifth edition (London: Sage, 2015).

Note: This is the standard template format for all sources with an ISBN. If a source does not have an ISBN, it should not be treated as a book unless it was published prior to 1970 (that is, before the advent of ISBNs). In these cases, books may be referenced as above.

Chapter references

References to other chapters in the same work should appear as ‘as discussed in Chapter III’ or ‘in the Conclusion’.

Classical texts

Classical texts should refer to the author of the original text, not to the translator or editor, for example, Virgil, The Aeneid, translated by Robert Fagles (New York, NY: Viking, 2006), pp. 230, 234.

Conference papers

First Name Last Name, ‘Paper Title’, paper presented to Name of Conference, Location, Date of Conference. For example, Renfrew Christie, ‘South Africa’s Nuclear History’, paper presented to the Nuclear History Program Fourth International Conference, Nice, France, 23–27 June 1993.

Congressional testimony

The authorship should refer to the person making the testimony, not the name of the committee. For example, John J Byrne, ‘Progress Since 9/11: The Effectiveness of Anti- Terrorist Financing Efforts’, testimony before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, 11 March 2003.

Court cases (EU and non-EU), primary and secondary legislation (non-EU)

Court cases vary by jurisdiction. There is no need to include an author for court cases (state the name of the case instead) or legislation (state the name of the act in inverted commas together with the year and jurisdiction). See the following as examples:

Cases

FBME Bank Ltd. et al. vs. Lew et al., ‘Memorandum Opinion’, United States District Court for the District of Columbia, 15-cv-01270 (CRC), 6 November 2015.

Council of the European Union vs. Sophie in ‘t Veld, C-350/12 P, ‘Judgement of the Court (First Chamber)’, European Court of Justice, Luxembourg, 3 July 2014.

Laws

‘Terrorism Act 2000 (UK)’, ‘USA PATRIOT Act 2001 (US)’

Declarations/Summit Reports/UN General Assembly and Security Council Resolutions

Diplomatic declarations and summit reports do not need to have an author. For example, ‘Joint UK – France Declaration, 27 March 2008’, add <URL> if not otherwise easily accessible.

UN General Assembly and Security Council resolutions should be set out as below:

UN Security Council Resolution 2253, 17 December 2015, SC/12168, para. 3.

UN General Assembly Resolution 66/288, 12 July 2012, A/Res/66/288.

Editions

Frédéric Bozo, ‘The Effects of Kosovo and the Danger of Decoupling’ in Jolyon Howorth and John Keeler (eds), Defending Europe: The EU, NATO and the Quest for European Autonomy, First edition (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2003), p. 63.

EU legal instruments (for example, decisions, opinions, regulations, directives)

EU legal instruments should cite the Official Journal of the European Union, the gazette for EU legislation. Cite as follows:

Council of the European Union, ‘Council Directive 2011/64/EU of 21 June 2011 on the Structure and Rates of Excise Duty Applied to Manufactured Tobacco’, Official Journal of the European Union (L176/24, 5 July 2011).

Figure titles

No full point at end of titles of figures. For example, Figure 1: Graph of Defence Spending

Film, radio and television

These should be italicised, noting the year of publication or the broadcast date as appropriate. The basic format is:

Broadcaster/Producer, Name of Series/Film, Season [if applicable], Episode [if applicable], date of broadcast. For example, BBC Two, Newsnight , Season 8, Episode 3, 23 July 2016.

For films, also include the director. For example, MGM, The Red Badge of Courage , directed by John Huston, 1951.

Footnote markers

In body copy, superscript footnote markers should ideally be placed after punctuation marks at the end of a sentence, unless the reference is to a specific part of the sentence and its relevance will be made unclear. Place references at the end of block quotes (not after the colon introducing the quote). In bracketed text place superscript footnote inside bracket when the reference is contained within the bracket.

In certain instances they come before punctuation marks, such as – (n-dash when used for parenthetical thoughts) and ( ) (round brackets) (but only if the reference pertains to information only contained within the brackets).

Where possible, footnote markers should be combined. For example,

1. The War on Terror was first popularised by the administration of US President George W Bush.

2. Joe Bloggs, 'An Economic Assessment of the Global War on Terror', RUSI Centre for Authoritative Insights, Paper 15, May 2018, p. 55.

This should be written as

1. Joe Bloggs, 'An Economic Assessment of the Global War on Terror', RUSI Centre for Authoritative Insights, Paper 15, May 2018, p. 55. The term 'War on Terror' was first popularised by the administration of US President George W Bush.

Note: The citation for the figure comes first with the explanation of the term 'War on Terror' reintroduced in the second sentence. This makes it clear which citations are associated with the claims made.

Footnotes/endnotes

Footnotes are used in all RUSI publications (except Policy Briefs which use Endnotes when they are printed, but use hyperlinks if online only)

Use full first names where available, not initials, unless the author themselves use initials only. If initials are used, not full point after any initial and add a space between initials, for example, G H Chesterton.

Do not use titles or honorifics in bibliographic references (for example, ‘Sir’).

For three or fewer authors use full names, for example, Emily Winterbotham, Antonio Giustozzi and Chris Goodenough, ‘Policy Changes in Afghanistan’, RUSI Policy Brief, 2 September 2023.

For four and more authors use full name of lead author and 'et al.', for example, Emily Winterbotham et al., ‘More Policy Changes’, RUSI Policy Brief, 2 February 2024.

URLs should be included for publications which are not immediately recognisable or are at risk of being deleted. Wherever they are included, the access date should accompany the reference using the format '1 January 2024'.

Example of URL in a footnote: Alexis von Sydow, ‘Is a Conflict Over Taiwan Drawing Near? A Review of Available Forecasts and Scenarios’, Swedish National China Centre, 23 February 2024, <https://kinacentrum.se/publikationer/is-a-conflict-over-taiwan-drawing-near-a-review- of-available-forecasts-and-scenarios/>, accessed 12 September 2024.

Separate references in a footnote using a semicolon followed by a space, for example, Arms Control Association, ‘Current U.S. Missile Defense Programs at a Glance’, August 2019, <https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/usmissiledefense>, accessed 29 March 2024; Kelley M Sayler, ‘Defense Primer: Ballistic Missile Defense’, Congressional Research Service, IF10541, updated 30 January 2024, <https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10541>, accessed 29 March 2024.

When citing a page range, always use at least two digits to show the upper limit (unless it is single figures), therefore pp. 1–5, 156–62, or 593–94; but 100–300. Use an en-dash to separate the numbers.

Page numbers that are not part of a range should be separated by a comma, pp. 1, 5, 208.

Use ‘para.’/‘paras’; ‘chap.’/‘chaps’, 'Article/Articles' where needed.

Freedom of Information Requests (FOIs)

Document released under Freedom of Information Request number, type of document, ‘Document title as given’, date of document, <URL>, accessed date if applicable.

Government and Parliamentary reports

Varies by government, but give as much information as possible, including document codes if applicable. If the document has an ISBN, follow the standard book format when citing publishing information.

For example, House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, ‘Implications of the Referendum on EU Membership for the UK’s Role in the World’, HC 545, Fifth Report of Session 2015–16, 26 April 2016, pp. 19–20.

Hansard

Cite Hansard (UK Parliament) in the following way, taking note of the chamber and form of delivery (debates etc.).

For example, Hansard, House of Commons Debate, Vol. 492, Cols. 25-6, 5 May 2009.

Note that Hansard are no longer responsible for Written Answer and Questions, and these should be attributed to ‘UK Parliament’.

Internet

When citing material on the internet, choose the most appropriate format (such as book, article or report): <http://[URL of resource]>, accessed date.

Do not cite URLs unless the material is solely available online and is at risk of being removed/altered. Do not give URLs when the text is easily available in print, such as when citing newspaper articles, or is on major websites (like the BBC).

For example, Andrei Soshnikov, ‘Bears with Keyboards: Russian Hackers Snoop on West’, BBC News , 20 September 2016.

For online publications cite the website domain rather than a specific link to the individual post. (Even so-called 'permalinks' can change.)

For X tweets, use: Name, ‘text of tweet in its entirety’, X post, <URL>, accessed date. Refer to X as X. No longer include (formerly known as Twitter). If it is historical reference to when it was called Twitter, say Twitter (now known as X).

For example, Alan Warnes, ‘The Assistant AF Commander of the Royal Jordanian Air Force isn’t very happy with his Chinese CH-4B armed UAVs. The RJAF looks set to retire them. He wouldn’t elaborate on the issues’, X post, <https://twitter.com/warnesyworld/status/1062350646588948480>, accessed 5 December 2024.

Interviews or correspondence

Type of interview/correspondence with First Name Last Name, Location (or online), Date

For example, Author interview with Waldo Stumpf, Pretoria, 5 May 1999.

For example, Author interview with Waldo Stumpf, online, 5 May 1999.

Note: At times, authors may wish to anonymise data to protect the identity of sources. This is acceptable but try to encourage the author to include a much information about the source as possible.

ISSN and ISBN in the same publication

Some publications have an ISBN and an ISSN. In this case, follow the standard style for book citations, but include additional information to recognise the existence of a series.

For example, Christopher W Hughes, Japan’s Re-Emergence as a ‘Normal’ Military Power , Adelphi Papers, Vol. 44, No. 368–69 (Abingdon: Routledge, 2004), pp. 49–59.

For example, John Huggins and Jens Vestergaard Madsen, ‘The CGPCS: The Evolution of Multilateralism to Multi- Stakeholder Collaboration’, in Thierry Tardy (ed.), Fighting Piracy off the Coast of Somalia. Lessons Learned from the Contact Group, Report No. 20 (Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies, 2014), pp. 18–27.

Letters

For letters, the referencing format can vary substantially.

For example, Todd Burwell and David Schraa, ‘CPMI Consultative Report on Correspondent Banking’, letter to the CPMI Secretariat, 7 December 2015, <url>, accessed date.

For example, Letter dated 21 June 2012 from the chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533 (2004) concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) addressed to the President of the UN Security Council, S/2012/348, p. 34.

For example, African Union, ‘Letter Dated 9 October 2015 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee Pursuant to Resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) Concerning Somalia and Eritrea Addressed to the President of the Security Council’, S/2015/801, 19 October 2015, para. 136.

For example, United Nations, ‘Letter Dated 14 October 2013 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council’, S/2013/606, 14 October 2013.

Note: A description of the letter may be more appropriate than a document title in some instances.

Media and press releases

Given that press and media releases are the types of documents that are susceptible to change, it is best practice to include a weblink and access date whenever possible. Cite as follows:

Organisation, ‘Name of Media Release’, document code, press release, date, <hyperlink>, accessed date.

For example, UN, 'Security Council Committee Determines Entities, Goods Subject to Measures Imposed on Democratic People's Republic of Korea by Resolution 1718 (2006)', SC/10633, press release, 2 May 2023.

Newspapers

First Name Last Name, ‘Article Title’, Newspaper, Date.

For example, R Jeffrey Smith, ‘Pretoria’s Candor and Nuclear Program Questioned’, Washington Post , 25 March 1993.

If an article is not attributed, use Newspaper, ‘Article Title’, Date.

Note: remove the definite article (‘the) from the name of the publication in all publication names consisting of two words or more. For example, Manchester Evening News , Sunday Times , BUT The Economist , The Guardian.

Note: The Economist, The Atlantic, The Diplomat should be referenced as newspapers rather than as journals (even though they have ISSNs).

Podcasts

Italicise podcasts and state that it is a podcast, for example, Melvyn Bragg, In Our Time , BBC podcast, 26 September 2024.

Reports, papers and manuscripts

For general reports and papers, give as much information as possible using the general formula: Author/Organisation, ‘Report Title’, Series Title and Number/Type of Publication, Reference code if applicable, Organisation if applicable [and if not already given], year.

For example, UN, ‘South Africa’s Plan and Capability in the Nuclear Field’, United Nations Disarmament Study, Series No. 2, A/35/402, 1980.

Running heads

For one and two authors use First name Surname. For example, Joseph Bloggs; Joseph Bloggs and Mark Harris.

For three authors use Surnames with 'and'. For example, Bloggs, Harris and Dall.

For four or more authors use Lead author first name and surname with et al. For example, Joseph Bloggs et al.

RUSI publications

Citations for RUSI publications depend on the document type.

It is RUSI house style not to add a URL to RUSI publications.

Conference Reports, Emerging Insights and Policy Briefs

These papers do not have an ISSN. Cite as follows:

Sarah Lain, ‘The Future of Post-Brexit Germany–UK Security Relations’, RUSI Conference Report, September 2015.

Antonio Giustozzi, ‘IS Recruitment’, RUSI Emerging Insights, October 2023.

Emily Winterbotham, ‘On the Effective Implementation of P/CVE in Conflicts’, RUSI Policy Brief, February 2024.

Occasional Papers

Occasional Papers prior to September 2015 did not have an ISSN assigned to them and should be referenced as follows:

For example, Tom Keatinge, ‘Identifying Foreign Terrorist Fighters’, RUSI Occasional Paper, August 2015.

Occasional Papers from September 2015 onwards have an ISSN. Note that the ISSN is for ‘RUSI Occasional Papers’, not ‘Occasional Paper’ or ‘RUSI Occasional Paper’. Referencing is similar in style to an academic article:

For example, Mara Wesseling, ‘An EU Terrorist Finance Tracking System’, RUSI Occasional Papers (September 2016).

RUSI Commentary

RUSI Commentary pieces can be treated in the same way as a commonly known blog.

For example, Sarah Lain, ‘Managing Russia’s Foreign Policy’, RUSI Commentary , 19 October 2015.

RUSI Special Reports/Special Resource

Although these are known as Special Reports within RUSI they do not officially have this name, so cite as follows:

For example, Stephen Reimer, ‘Weaponisation of the FATF Standards: A Guide for Global Civil Society', RUSI, June 2024.

Whitehall Reports

Whitehall Reports have an ISSN.

For example, Helena Wood, ‘Destination 2018’, Whitehall Report, 4-15 (December 2015).

Whitehall Papers

As of 2010 Whitehall Papers have been published as a book series, so each individual paper is a unique title with its own ISBN. This means any Whitehall Paper with a number from 74 onwards must be cited as a book:

For example, Richard Tueten and Daniel Korski, Preparing for Peace: Britain’s Contribution to Stabilisation, RUSI Whitehall Paper 74 (Abingdon: Taylor & Francis, 2010) (note that Taylor & Francis is headquartered in Abingdon).

Whitehall Papers written before number 74 were assigned ISSNs, and are thus considered as journals. They should be cited as follows:

For example, Jonathan Eyal, ‘Who Lost Russia? An Enquiry into the Failure of the Russian- Western Partnership’, RUSI Whitehall Paper (No. 71, 2009).

GRNTT Paper Series

Chris Meserole and Daniel Byman, ‘Terrorist Definitions and Designations Lists: What Technology Companies Need to Know’, Global Research Network on Terrorism and Technology, No. 7, RUSI, July 2019.

Source captions

Full point at end of source caption. Use same styles as for footnotes.

Speeches

Name, ‘Speech Title if Applicable’, speech given at organisation/in city name, date, include <URL> if not otherwise widely available.

For example, Barack Obama, ‘America’s Missile Defence Strategy and Eastern Europe’, speech given in Prague, July 2009.

Translated texts

Follow the basic style for the appropriate source type. Use original language script followed by translation in English, for example, Russian Cyrillic, Chinese characters, Greek characters, Japanese characters.

For example, улисмедиа, ‘ЕО өкілі қай жағдайда Қазақстанға санкциялар салынуы мүмкін екенін айтты’ [‘The Representative of the EU Said in Which Case Sanctions May be Imposed on Kazakhstan’], 24 April 2023, <https://qaz.ulysmedia.kz/news/5897-eo-okili-kai-zhagdaida- kazakstanga-sanktsiialar-salynuy-mumkin-ekenin-aitty/>, accessed 23 August 2023. Author translation.

For example, Poliția Română, ‘Direcţia de Investigare a Criminalității Economice’ [‘Directorate for Economic Crime Investigation’], <https://www.politiaromana.ro/ro/structura-politiei-romane/unitati-centrale/directiade-investigare-a-criminalitatii-economice>, accessed 22 July 2017.

Note: It may be necessary to add the name of the person/organisation who translated the work. For example, Clausewitz, Title , translated by (publisher).

Texts and article titles etc in references should be translated for all languages. Publication titles (journals, newspapers and so on) and author names should not be translated.

Transliterations

Use diacritics in transliterations.

Unpublished and forthcoming works

Always try to cite works that are published and therefore easily verifiable. If this is not possible, choose the most relevant publication type but specify that the work is unpublished.

For example, John Citizen, ‘Reconsidering Transatlantic Integration in an Age of Increasing Uncertainty’, unpublished thesis , University of Manchester, 2006.

If the publication is forthcoming, state that in the reference. For books, if the publication is imminent, the work can be italicised as in the following example:

For example, Hassan Jones, Making Sense and Struggling Through an Increasingly Complex World (City: Publisher, forthcoming).

US Library of Public Diplomacy

See Wikileaks for more information

Volumes

For example, John Chilcot et al., Report of the Iraq Inquiry. Volume III (London: The Stationery Office, 2016).

White Papers

Organisation/department, Title, Cm (Location: Publisher, Date), p. #.

For example, HM Government, Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review, Cm 7948 (London: The Stationery Office, 2010), para. 2.4.

Note: Cm refers to the ‘command number’; this is the particular reference number issued by the legislature or executive, and may vary in form by country.

Wikileaks

Try to provide as much information as possible about the source, including the Wikileaks URL.

For example, ‘French Conference on WMD Proliferation Financing’, cable from US embassy in France, 06PARIS4443_a, 27 June 2006, document obtained via Wikileaks, <https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06PARIS4443_a.html>, accessed 17 June 2016.

NB: Look for references to 'US Library of Public Diplomacy'. This is a Wikileaks reference.

YouTube

Do not italicise YouTube. Cite the owner of the post. For example, Israel at War , ‘Sderot Police Officer Recounts October 7 Hamas Attack’, YouTube, 30 November 2023, <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFhbD1im_xI>, accessed 25 May 2024.