Episode 2: Radical Reform of the US Marine Corps: General Alfred Mason Gray

General Alfred Mason Gray Jnr (1928–2024) was not the most obvious choice to lead the US Marine Corps when he became its 29th Commandant in 1987, but he succeeded in transforming the Corps into one of the world’s premier fighting forces. He moved the Corps’ culture and ethos towards one that prioritised manoeuvre warfare, in which all Marines became warfighters first and foremost. His changes included new processes and equipment, but were primarily focused on the human – a conceptual transformation as much as it was a transformation of capabilities. He embraced the indirect approach from Basil Liddell Hart (Season 2 Episode 10) and John Boyd (Season 1 Episode 7), as well as William Lind’s thinking on dislocating adversary decision-making that was so effective in the 1991 Gulf War, yet he situated these inside the Marine Corps’ traditions and values.

Lieutenant General George Flynn (retd) served in the US Marine Corps for 38 years, including as General Gray’s aide in 1989–1991, as Chief of Staff at Special Operations Command and as Deputy Commander Multinational Corps Iraq, and created the Joint Force Development Directorate at the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Now on the Board of Regents at the Potomac Institute, he is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Charles P. Neimeyer, ‘General Alfred M. Gray Jr. USMC (Ret), 29th Commandant of the Marine Corps 22 June 1928–20 March 2024’, Marine Corps History, Vol.10(1), Summer 2024, pp. 67-82.

Interview: General Alfred M. Gray, Jr. Commandant of the Marine Corps, US Naval Institute, Proceedings Vol.116/4/1,046, April 1990, at https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1990/april/interview-general-alfred-m-gray-jr-commandant-marine-corps

Interview: General A.M. Gray, USMC (Part II), US Naval Institute, Proceedings Vol.116/5/4/1,047, May 1990, at https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1990/may/interview-general-am-gray-usmc-part-ii

Ryoko Abe, ‘The Brain of the Marine Corps: Alfred M. Gray’s Establishment of the Marine Corps Combat Development Command’, Marine Corps History, Vol.6(1), Summer 2020, pp.30-46.

Brian Donlon, ‘Getting on the NATO Map: Marine Corps Innovation and Late Cold War Exercises 1975-1978’, Journal of Military History Vol.88(4), pp.1062-1084.