UK battles to define defence and security role post-Brexit

Professor Malcolm Chalmers, deputy director-general of the Royal United Services Institute, also warned that while the E3’s positions on Iran were relatively closely aligned, the degree of policy convergence between the three countries could not be taken for granted. “You can imagine a future in which France and particularly Germany are more keen to reach out to [President] Putin than the UK is, or in which there are conflicting views on a future conflict outside Europe, as there were in 2003 over Iraq,” he said.